I have problem with my paper. some one can help me to fix it. thanks so much!
Background
The genus Hoplolaimus was established on a single female of H. tylenchiformis recovered from a mud hole on Banco Island in the Paraguay river at Asuncion, Paraguay (Krall 1990). Nearly 90 years later, Handoo and Golden 1992 reviewed 29 valid species of Hoplolaimus genus. Recently, Ali et al. 2009 described a new species, Hoplolaimus puriensis, which was closed to H. seinhorsti and H. indicus. To date, there have been only two species, H. seinhorstii and H. chambus, reported in Vietnam Nguyen and Nguyen 2000.
New information
Hoplolaimus bachlongviensis sp. n. was described and illustrated. It was found from rhizosphere soil of banana plants in Bach Long Vi Island, Vietnam. This new species is similar to Hoplolaimus seinhorsti, H. chambus and H. pararobustus. However, Hoplolaimus bachlongviensis sp. n. differs from H. seinhorsti by the number of longitudinal striations on basal ring and epiptygma absent vs present. Hoplolaimus bachlongviensis sp. n. differs from H. chambus and H. pararobustus by male absent vs present, epiptygma absent vs present, intestine not overlapping rectum vice versa overlapping rectum. H. bachlongviensis sp. n. differs from Hoplolaimus puriensis by lateral field reduced, represented by a single incisure on the body, but often indistinct vs four lateral lines and longer stylet. Morphometrics and description of the new species are given.
Introduction
In many surveys of plant parasitic nematodes on bananas in agriculture and natural forest systems in mainland of Vietnam, there are only two species, Hoplolaimus seinhorsti and H. chambus, were recorded (Nguyen and Nguyen 2000). During the diversity survey of plant parasitic nematodes in Bach Long Vi Island, Vietnam, located in Tonkin Gulf far from mainland, a new species of Hoplolaimus genus, which named by Hoplolaimus bachlongviensis sp. n. was discovered from rhizosphere soil of banana plants. Hoplolaimus bachlongviensis sp. n. differs from all described Hoplolaimus species. This species is most similar to Hoplolaimus seinhorsti, H. chambus, H. pararobustus and Hoplolaimus puriensi (Handoo and Golden 1992, Krall 1990, Ali et al. 2009, Sher 1963), but it differs from each in certain characteristics. This article provides the description of the new species, Hoplolaimus bachlongviensis sp. n.
Materials and Methods
The nematodes were detected from rhizosphere of bananas plant (Musa sp.) in Bach Long Vi Island (N: 20°07'52.8", E: 107°43'56.6"). Soil nematodes were extracted using the decanting and modified Baermann tray method (AG and JR 1965). Measurements were made on permanent slides by heat-killed nematodes with fixative TAF and ethanol-glycerin dehydration according to the method described by Seinhorst 1959 and modified by De Grissed 1969. For morphological examination, nematodes were observed through the Olympus BX-51 light microscope, and photographed with an Olympus U-TV 0.5xC-3 digital camera.
Materials
Holotype:
a. family: Hoplolaimidae; genus: Hoplolaimus; island: Bach Long Vi; state Province: Hai Phong; county: Vietnam; sex: female; behavior: rhizosphere of bananas plant ; identification ID: BLV40501
Paratype:
b. family: Hoplolaimidae; genus: Hoplolaimus; island: Bach Long Vi; state Province: Hai Phong; county: Vietnam; sex: female; behavior: rhizosphere of bananas plant; identification ID: BLV40502
Females
Body actuate ventrally after hot fixation, cylinder, vermiform, tapering slightly at both ends. Body length from 1247-1493 ľm, max body diam. about 58 ľm (51- 65.5 ľm). Lip region definitely offset, usually bearing 4 distinct annuli, sometimes 3 annuli, basal ring of lip region with 6 longitudinal striations. Cuticular annulation prominent. Lateral field reduced, reduced, represented by a single incisure on body, but often indistinct. Stylet large and strong about 47.1 ľm (43.7-49.9 ľm), with prominent basal knobs appearing tulip-shaped, DGO 3.1 - 6.2 ľm behind spear base. Metacorpus ovate with well-developed, sclerotized valve. Esophageal glands with 6 nuclei. Length of esophagus (from anterior to end of esophageal glands) about 207.5 ľm. Length from anterior to intestine-pharyngeal valve about 154.6 ľm (137.3-173.7 ľm). Distinct nerve ring encircling isthmus. Hemizonid large, two annuli in length. Hemizonion located 8-10 cuticular rings posterior to hemizonid. Excretory pore distinct and located about seven annuli in front of hemizonid. Phasmids (scutella) large and conspicuous, anterior one at 34.7% (29.2-37.6) and posterior one situated at 78.6% (74.2-83.5) of body length from the anterior end. Vulva slightly prominent, transverse slit at mid-body; epiptygma absent. Ovaries two, outstretched (amphidelphic), spermatheca absent. Intestine not overlapping rectum. Tail short, rounded, shorter than the anal body diameter, usually with 9-13 annuli.
Males. unknown
Diagnosis
Hoplolaimus bachlongviensis sp.n. characterized by lateral field reduced, represented by a single incisure on the body, but often indistinct, esophageal glands with six nuclei, excretory pore anterior hemizonid, epiptygma absent, intestine not overlapping rectum, male absent.
Etymology
The species is named after the geographic location, Bach Long Vi Island of Vietnam.
Discussion
Hoplolaimus bachlongviensis sp. n. is similar to Hoplolaimus seinhorsti, H. chambus and H. pararobustus by excretory pore anterior hemizonid, lateral field reduced, represented by interruptions of annules as a single incisure, often indistinct, esophageal glands with six nuclei. Nevertheless, Hoplolaimus bachlongviensis sp. n. differs from H. seinhorsti by epiptygma absent vs present and number of longitudinal striations on basal ring 6 vs 8-12. Hoplolaimus bachlongviensis sp. n. differs from H. chambus by male absent vs present, epiptygma absent vs present, intestine not overlapping rectum vs overlapping rectum. H. bachlongviensis sp. n. differs from H. pararobustus by male absent vs present, intestine not overlapping rectum vs overlapping rectum, epiptygma absent vs present, spermatheca absent vs present.
H. bachlongviensis sp. n. differs from Hoplolaimus puriensis by lateral field reduced, represented by a single incisure on the body, but often indistinct vs four lateral line, longer stylet 43.7-49.9 ľm vs 32-35 ľm.
Acknowlegements
This research was supported by Project code VAST.NĐP.01/14-15. The authors thank to Dr. Le Hung Anh and Mr. Dang Huy Phuong for their help in sampling.
hanhbich, I will help you with a few things.
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Be sure you italicize the genus/species names you mention. For example:
The genus Hoplolaimus was established on a single female of H. tylenchiformis recovered from a mud hole on Banco Island in the Paraguay river at Asuncion, Paraguay (Krall 1990).
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Check your citation style. My guess is that the years you mention should be in parentheses. Here's an example:
Nearly 90 years later, Handoo and Golden ( 1992) reviewed 29 valid species of Hoplolaimus genus. Again, check which citation style you're using and make sure you adhere to it. The way you've done it looks unusual to me, but admittedly, I am not a citation expert.
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Let me reword some sentences to improve their sound:
The genus Hoplolaimus was established with the discovery ofon a single female ofH. tylenchiformis recovered from a mud hole on Banco Island in the Paraguay river at Asuncion, Paraguay (Krall 1990).
Recently, Ali et al. 2009 described a new species, Hoplolaimus puriensis, which was closedclosely related to H. seinhorsti and H. indicus.
To date, there have been only two species, H. seinhorstii and H. chambus, reported in Vietnam, H. seinhorstii and H. chambus( Nguyen and Nguyen 2000) .
It was found frominbanana plant rhizosphere soil of banana plants in Bach Long Vi Island, Vietnam.
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I hope that has helped you a little!
