rom the age that I was ten I would always hear my father complain of the preposterous bills that would be enacted into laws.
Maybe revise this to: From age ten, I would always hear my father complain of the preposterous bills that had been enacted into law.
For the next sentence, it isn't clear who your father is talking about - is it the legislature or the government in general?
The third sentence is good but it's not 100% clear why your father saying things based on assumption. I know what you're trying to say - that you wanted to properly inform yourself and not just go off what he said, but you might be able to make this clearer. This isn't a big change though.
It was until I was assigned an essay that required me to analyze how the author is able to convince the reader of Voltaire's ideals that I was able to make a connection.
Make the beginning: It was only until... Also, when you talk about the author, do you mean Voltaire? If so, maybe it would make it clearer to write: required me to analyze how Voltaire is able to convince the reader of his ideals that I was able to make a connection.
My passion for exploring our government's policies more in depth led me to enroll in AP Government my senior semester-a class that I was not required to take, but willingly agreed to know that it would involve going deeper into our government's policies.
More in depth is good, but it could be changed to something better, like "to a deeper extent" or "at a closer degree", something like that maybe.
Also, "but willingly agreed to know that it would involve going deeper into our government's policies" - should be "but willingly agreed to, knowing that..."
Any type of government-unlike most other things in our ever-changing world will always be present, and our freedom of speech allows us make changes to better our society.
My take on this would be: Government of any form, unlike most other things in our ever-changing world, will always exist, and our freedom of speech enables us to make changes that will improve our society.
It's a good essay though so well done!