Writing Feedback / End of the World Essay... [2]

The End

People are either wondering or boggling from death. Even the death of a person is very terrifying, the end of humanity and universe is not imaginable. Humankind has been wondering how and when the Earth ends for thousands of years. The reasons of wondering may be for different topics such as; to be prepared spiritually or religiously or to spend all the money that a person has or enjoy the life more. Related to how the Earth is going to end, the concepts of exemptionalist, environmentalist, universe and judgment day should be known. Initially, exemptionalists are the people who see the humankind that can handle every problem, so they claim that the problems which occur do not require worrying about. On the other hand, environmentalists are the people who see humankind as a part of a nature so they point out that humankind is related to environment directly, hence humankind is affected all the problems about environment. Universe is the place where everything stays and occurs in. Universe was created from nothing with Big Bang. This place applies physical laws. Judgment day is the time many religions accept that God will end the life which we live. Mainly theories about end of the world can be separated into three groups which are the end because of human based problems, physical destruction of universe and the order of God. Although the human based damages on the Earth are getting more and more serious and physical collapse of universe makes sense scientifically, the decision of end of the world only depends on the owner of everything, the God, not the humankind.

To begin with, humankind must be seen as a one living organism and living things do not harm, on the contrary save themselves when the conditions become serious. There are many problems and treats that nature encounters with such as; global warming, epidemic diseases, pollution, overpopulation, deforestation and nuclear weapons. All of these affect humanity badly. The effects can be seen by many events in the world such as; changing climates, holocausts because of diseases, famines, droughts, destruction of nature where nuclear weapons shot (Wilson, 2005). Although the world is a bad area for these reasons and the situation is getting worse, it does not mean that these cause an end. Wonderful environment is becoming worse, the affluence, comfort and happiness of humanity is decreasing, but that is all. Seeing this way of the world as an end is pessimism. The reason of this bad way is that people are harming the world, the world is not harming people that much. If the world harmed people seriously, intelligence of humans would help themselves to take precautions. For instance, someone can cut a tree to sell or dress for Christmas as it has been doing for many years, but if the situation changes and a person knew cutting this tree would cause lack of oxygen to him, he would not cut the tree. The transcendent in intelligence and spirit of humankind can be understood by this simple example. Maybe the world will not be such a wonderful place to live or many people will die, but the life will go on. This shows us both exemptionalists and environmentalists are right for some reasons. Although exemptionalists are fanciful and wrong in most of their solutions about problems such as;

"Population growth? Good for economy, claim some of the exemptionalists, and in any case a basic human right, so let it run. Land shortages? Try fusion energy to power the desalting of sea water, then reclaim the world's deserts. (The process might be assisted by towing icebergs to coastal pipelines.) Species going extinct? Not to worry. That is nature's way. Think of humankind as only the latest in a long line of exterminating agents in geological times...So hold the course, and touch the breaks lightly(Wilson,2005,p1)"

they are right in a point that people can go on life by ingenuity when the living situations become unfavorable. Environmentalists are right that humankind will suffer as the nature, where humankind belongs to, is harmed. Nevermore, humankind will not finish the life on Earth by itself.

Also, the possibility of destruction of universe when people are living is really very small because it requires a very long time and the raw materials and sources that humans need will be finished until this time. Some theories about end of the universe are following. The first important theory is the big freeze "The Big Freeze is a scenario under which continued expansion results in a universe that is too cold to sustain life. It could, in the absence of dark energy, occur only under a flat or hyperbolic geometry, because such geometries then are a necessary condition for a universe that expands forever."

(wikipedia, ultimate fate of the universe). The second important theory is big rip and it says." all material objects in the universe, starting with galaxies and eventually (in a finite time) all life forms, no matter how small, will disintegrate into unbound elementary particles and radiation, ripped apart by the phantom energy force and shooting apart from each other."(wikipedia, ultimate fate of the universe). The last important theory is big crunch and the main point is that as opposite of big bang, what causes increasing of volume of universe, the universe will start to contract. The main reason of this contracting is a physical low that 2 materials which have a mass pull eachothers. By this law everything pulls other things with equal forces and universe starts to contract to the center of it(wikipedia). These theories may end the universe, but it is certain that the world and life of humankind will finish before it.

Conducted scientific research points out that universe born 10-20 billions years ago and the universe is getting bigger right now. Logically, the thought of humankind will be destroyed because of big crouch is wrong. If the expansion started 10-20 billions years ago and if this expansion keeps going, the full contracting takes more than 10-20 billions years. The main source of life in the world is the Sun and it can not live that much and lose its energy before this time. By the similar logic the theory of end of world because of big freeze and big rip are wrong because the Sun do not have that much energy to keep us alive for this time interval. This shows us the world will end before the end of universe and there must be another power to end it.

Finally, the signs and beliefs prove that God is the creator and owner of universe and decides everything including end of world. . God said this world is going to have an end in his own words in Quran and Bible and also it is said people will see judgment day. Initially, it is needed to convince some people who could not understand the God created everything and have power to do everything that even people can not imagine. The belief to God is not only emotional and spiritual but also scientifically proved. Several scientific examples as followings will be enough to admit that God exists. The enlargement speed of universe is so critical that, if this speed was less than one over a hundred thousand million times just after one second from big bang, the universe would collapse in its center before it gain the volume that it has now (Hawking, 1988). One of the 5 most famous physicists gave a very surprising number against the people who do not believe in God in his book which named God and the New Physics. The chance of creating such a universe where the stars can occur is one over 10^10^21, which is ten to the 1000000...000 the number of zeros are 22(Davies, 1983). The ratio where the gravitation force and weak atomic mass can support life is 10^1000...000 the number of zeros are a hundred. These are so efficient numbers and ratios. The time and procedure how the world is going to end are not exact but God gives us some clues about time and procedure. Apostles understood from the conservations with Jesus that "man's corrupt civilization will be swept away and a new era will dawn at the return of Christ." (Horner,2003, p.4). The exact time of judgment day is not known and a sentence from Bible "So you also must be ready, because the Son of Man will come at an hour when you do not expect him."(Matthew 24:44) shows us nobody can know the time. There are several suras in Quran which say the end will come from God. "When the horn is blown once. The earth and the mountains will be carried off and crushed; utterly crushed. That is the day when the inevitable event will come to pass." (Quran, 69:13-15). As it is well known, Quran was sent to people and the following verse of Quran proves that humankind will not extinct before judgment day. "Are they waiting until the Hour comes to them suddenly? All the signs thereof have already come. Once the Hour comes to them, how will they benefit from their message?" (Quran, 47:18). The creator of this world will give us another home after he decided the humans' life on the world is over.

To sum up; the world will end by an order from God in near future, because many signs of approaching end of the world such as; splitting of moon, long term wars, religious deceptions, counterfeit Christianity teacher, famines etc. happened. If we look at the theories about end of the world; firstly, he bad effects of humankind in the world damages all people but not brings the end; secondly, before the physical destruction of universe, world already becomes a place where living things do not exist; thirdly God do not allow the end of the world before he decide and protect his dear faithful vassals. The time of end is not the point; the point is to be prepared to judgment day spiritually. The wonderful world should not be damaged, nobody wants that world lose its beauty; therefore, environmentalists should be supported not only for world but also for the healthy life of humanity. As a result, people should be ready for judgment day and the weakness and corruption of humankind against God should be understood.

Writing Feedback / Social Environment versus Instincts to shape human bahavior [5]

i know i have many many language mistakes..could you please help me to make them correct..thanks a lot

Social Environment versus Instincts

Human is one of the most complicated species in the world. Although anatomical structure of human is fixed, psychological states of human are separated into thousands of groups. Human psychology is so complicated that to understand it scientific research has been conducted in many university departments such as; psychology and philosophy. Human nature and human behavior are one of the main topics to analyze related to sociology, psychology and philosophy.

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Writing Feedback / Spirit brings rights - essay [2]

Although animal rights were pointed out by international laws, animals,who can not look for their rights in courts, are been treathing out of respect even in 21th century. Especially animal lovers are against some of the issues like using animals in science, animal agriculture and sport hunting. What matters in the relationship between animals and humans, power or respect is the main subject of the discussions. There are many people who are volunteers to defend animal rights. Panther Emel is one of the famous defender of animal rights in Turkey. To make people think about animals, Emel has done many interesting activities. We have to think about not only pets, but also agricultural animals and their conditions. Is it moral to give life to a chick, feed it to grow up and kill back after 40 days to sell? In the article of Tom Regan (The Case for Animal Rights) contractarianism, utilitarianism and indirect duty view are main perspectives, which violates animal rights. On the other hand, inherent value is the term, which have to be mentioned to understand why animals have equal rights with human beings. Contractarianism is an idea that, a contract only affects the people who can read and understand the terms in contract. Utilitarianism includes two parts. The first ideology of utilitarianism is that "everyone's interest count and similar interests must be counted as having similar weight or importance"(Regan, The Case for Animal Rights, 5,2000). The second ideology is although a behavior damages something; this behavior can be acceptable if it brings more welfare totally. Indirect duty view supports that an attitude that harms a living thing is matters, not the way of harm. Therefore the affected things, which can be animal in this case, are not cared. Inherent value is the concept that each living thing has a value from birth. Contractarianism, utilitarianism and indirect duty view violates the animal rights, because they are not equal respect based, however inherent value is the main term, which points out animal deserve same respect and rights as humans.

Separation of living things into two parts as who can understand and not understand is out of respect. Animals can not be a part of a contract because they obviously can not understand the terms in contract. The base contractarianism is expediency of human beings. Why? Contractarianism is very useful for some cases. There are many cases in USA courts about easy things. For instance, a person can want amends from a company after he/she washes his/her cat in washing machine, because there is no sign to show it is dangerous. This example shows expediency of human beings that is taking money from a company. In these kinds of issues, contracts are normal and needed. What is the point of the supporter of this theory? Contracts enforce to obey the rules of contract; therefore, there is no cheating in contractarianism. Rights can be claimed when a contract is sign. As a result contractarianism gives protection and that is why people support contractarianism. Although children, mentally ill people and some animals in special cases are included for contractarianism, these are not enough. All animals deserve rights and this is not an easy topic to see signing or not signing a contract.

Both parts of utilitarianism do not show respect, because firstly neither humans nor animals have worth as a living thing, this theory only cares about the interests; secondly it is also not acceptable for the view of total welfare of a group, because one part is damaged consequently. The definition egalitarianism is a good definition for equality. However this equality does not include the living things. "Everyone's interests count and count as much as the like interests of anyone else."(Tom Regan, The Case for Animal Rights,5) indicates what is seen as valuable by supporters of this theory. By this thought many problems such as sexual discrimination, religious discrimination and animal case can be solved. Americans' or Turkishs, riches or poors, animals' or humans' each living things' interests and feelings are cared. It is have to thought that has more importance, our interest or we. Utilitarianism does not show respect to us, which is wrong, because we have no value in this theory. On the other hand, the thought of total welfare matters can not be seen acceptable in some cases. A way of goodness can not pass from the way of evil. It is easy to understand that this thought is wrong. Just think that you are harmed to make some other people happy. A high percentage of people do not accept this. For instance, stealing exam papers make students happy, but the successful student can not take the place that he/she deserves. The exam can not see the real result; teacher can not see how he/she must go on the teaching system etc. It is similar for animals' case, when animals are used for scientific experiments many people can have benefits. Although it seems okay for human beings, it is needed to see the other side of the coin. Humans have no right to harm animals for even whole humanity's welfare. It does not matter cosmetic experiment or cancer experiment. For instance, an animal does not deserve to be dead by poisons that are tested. These animals are not asked to be guinea pigs. Finally, living things are important personally not only for their interests but also for their inborn values, also spirit of an animal is more valuable from welfare of humanity.

Indirect duty view does not show respect, because it supports we have no duty to animals and they are human's property. Indirect duty view considers the process but the consequences of the behavior. It is wrong because the property that is affected by a behavior does not have any importance in this case. Also as animals are seen as a property of humans animals have no value for this theory. For example, if your neighbour kicked your dog. Because it upsets you, it is wrong to you indirectly. What your dog feels does not matter, what matters is whether it affects you or not. If it upsets you, that is the problem. It is not to be forgotten that God creates animals and if they were unimportant they would not be a part of nature. Scientist proved how important they are for natural balance. This view shows that we can nothing to wrongs animals, but this is out of the boundaries of respect and this shows that the value of animals could not be understood yet.

Rights view basically comes from the importance of inherent value. Inherent value comes from birth. When spirit is put in a body, this living thing automatically has some inherent values. This living thing waits and wants respect. Even animals are not cared, God must be cared. God gives the spirit and only God can take it back. This thought supports abolition of the use of animals in science, commercial animal agriculture and sport hunting. Being intelligent, powerful or whatever does not give humans more inherent values. It is chance or it is the choice of God to birth as an American child, Iraqi child or a baby of a lion. Many people are against the capitalism that has a relationship with inherent values. For instance, it is not fair that a Chinese child works in a factory and an American child plays with computer. There is such a difference because of some reasons such as, political success or being hardworking of American child's grandparents. Because of their situation or because of chance, one of is much happy and has much right than other. The point is although they have equal inherent values, they are not equal in the life. If capitalist circumstances are not accepted, violation of animal rights must not be accepted. The base of solution is to understand we are equal by inherent values and we both deserve respect.

To sum up; animal rights have to be cared more than it cares now. Animals' circumstances must be seen objectively and empathy is a good way to understand animal rights. The application you do not deserve or want must not be thought acceptable for animals' cases. It is the base of equality and happiness of everybody. If you do not want to be out of contract and lack of rights in contract, do not accept contractarianism. If you do no want to be harmed for some one's welfare and feel important personally, do not accept utilitarianism. If you do not see yourself as a property of somebody and feel important for Earth, do not accept indirect duty view. If rights' view applies all over the world, each individual living thing will gain the importance and respect he/she/it deserves. As a chain, birth brings spirit, spirit brings inherent values and inherent values bring rights. Power and intelligence do not matter for rights' issue. For instance, the rights are given to human because only they are human. Do all humans have same intelligence or power? No. Therefore, it shows that inherent values are cared for humans. Why do not humans accept same thing for animals? The solution occurs if and only if humans and animal rights are compared objectively. As humans have power and intelligence, they do not want to look this issue equally. It can be seen obviously humans and animals are equal by inherent values and inherent values are the only thing that we have to care for.

Writing Feedback / Economy vs Ecology - essay [4]

Buğra AYDEMİR
35908139064

The bad effects of human beings on the Earth are being more and more serious in the last century. Either extraordinary increasing of population or extremely use of sources damages to the Earth. If the Earth could renew itself, there would not be such a big problem to worry about the future of the Earth. In fact there are many kinds of energies that are described as renewable such as wind energy, geothermal energy, the energy of sunlight; but the usage of these energies is more expensive. As people think they have to care about money too much in this century, the usage of expensive sources do not make sense for them. On the other hand; although the usage of the energies such as oil, coal, wood or nuclear are cheaper, these are really serious pollutants. Earth could handle these pollutants, but not anymore. The researches which were conducted (give reference from the movie) shows that human begins unbalance the ecology very much. Related to air pollution, one of the most dangerous issues for Earth, global warming is concerned nowadays. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are the main reasons of air pollution. As it is known, some amount of sunlight energy is absorbed by atmosphere to keep the temperature of Earth balanced. Greenhouse gases satisfy this keeping. However; the extraordinary amount of these gases in atmosphere increases the amount of absorbed energy and average of temperature of Earth. It is like a chain. The future of Earth scares many people. In fact the unbalanced natural events were seen before, in the history of Earth and some scientists claim there is no need to aggravate these researches. Also the people who earn money by damaging environment somehow do not want to pay attention to the danger. Especially factory owners are the responsible for polluting environment and many people do not, but all humanity is affected by pollution at the same level. This is inequality. These factory owners can damage theirselves however they want, but if they damage us, it is against human rights. Human beings started to use environment unconsciously for their economic welfare, by forcing the limits of use some serious damages will be unrecoverable with money.

Environment in a collapse especially in the last century, the circumstances are getting worse and precautions are needed immediately. Earth is giving alarm nowadays. There are dozens of researches, which were conducted to show how serious the problem is. Air, land, water pollutions are increasing day by day. The average temperature of Earth is increasing; huge ice masses are melting faster. Ice reflects sunlight as a mirror and water absorbs the sunlight, therefore if ices in the north and south poles the amount of absorbed energy will increase day by day. People will not capable of stopping global warming. The temperature records were seen year by year. Seeing the records every year is not a good thing. Deserts on the Earth are getting bigger and bigger. These are kind of alarms and the predictions about future are not good. There are scientific ways to look the big environmental events of the history of Earth. It is known that Earth saw ice ages before and this is an unbalanced period that natural circle was broken; there were not that kind of human effect in these years. Some scientists point out that Earth handled ice ages, therefore; Earth's situation is not that bad right now. In some time periods Earth encounter with natural imbalances and these are not human based. However; this researches show that the carbon dioxide level has never been like that before. This generation took a good environment from their parents and owes to give a good environment to their children. Humanity has power to stop global warming and pollution now; if something is not done it will be too late to save the Earth.

Although it makes sense to use ecology to get economical welfare; if the balance of nature breaks because of extraordinary usage of ecology, the back pay will be worse than we can imagine. The number of people who care and embrace the nature is really few. In fact the circumstances of life force us to care about money more than everything. People who damage environment for money are selfish, because when he/she damages environment everybody will be damaged but he/she will be only who is paid. Everybody loses something, but only he/she gains, this is inequality. Even it is against human rights. Loggers, mining workers of factory owners say that use of ecology stops there will be many unemployed people. The prices of wooden or metal stuff will increase too much. If ecology is not used, then economic crises will occur. However, it is accepted that we need these wooden or metal stuff and these factories. Therefore, closing the factories or stop to using cars are not solutions. The most important issue is not to aggravate the usage of environment. People must let Earth to renew itself. It can be seen as using capital. If capital is spent directly, it finishes at the end. If the capital deposits to the bank and the interest is spent, it does not finish. After some time, the amount of interests catches the capital and the profit is more than capital. Earth is our capital, if its sources are not used too much, it gives us more. In addition to this; some elements of the nature can not be brought back with money. Even if paying billions of dollars does not bring the species which are extinct because of human effect on nature. Alluvial soil is going through seas because of deforestation and alluvial soil the most efficient soil where plants grow up. For instance, the donations which are collected by TEMA can not bring this soil back. It is only used to save the left forests. Making a new forest is really expensive and it requires long time. Moreover, because of global warming seasons are changing. Some parts of Earth try to handle with drought and some parts try to handle with floats and hurricanes. Damage is getting bigger and bigger day by day. If the circumstances in long term are understood, it will be seen that damaging ecology also damages economy and protecting ecology also protects economy.

To sum up, people have a tendency to be rich in short way and do not care whatever it costs. People have the power to make the Earth a palace or a slum house. Related to life situations, humans give priority to money. Earth is losing blood. There are unbalanced natural events all over the world. There is no other home except Earth; therefore, we are responsible to protect our home. If we sell or break everything in our home, it will not be such a home anymore. Humanity must be seen as a family and family members do not hurt each other for personal economic welfares. It is obvious that, if we protect Earth, not use the sources that much and do not pollute extraordinary, Earth could give more sources to humanity. It can be seen as a mutalist life. Our children need Earth and we are responsible for giving them what they deserve. As it is difficult to show the danger and convince all the people to protect environment, laws must support the changing. People who do not care about environment give much importance to money and the financial punishments will be a good precaution to protect the Earth. Governments should support environmental organizations such as Greenpeace. In addition, politicians should think more emotional and must not make secret deals with factory owners for personal economic welfare. Environmental politicians must be together to force USA and Australia to sign Kyoto, which is a kind of protection contract of environment. Politicians are example to society. Hybrid cars, public transportation vehicles, new technological invents which save water or electricity, renewable sources; such as wind, wave, sunlight should be used by politicians and they should be used commonly by all humanity. On the other hand, if politicians, who are the most related people with country, think personal welfare, other people will go on the same way and Earth will be unlivable place at the end. Diseases, water shortage, floats, pollutions, hurricanes and hot weather will affect either humanity directly or agriculture and farming. The money which is lost because of these will be more than we get by using the Earth. The beauty of our wonderful Earth will be disappeared and our apologies or money will not bring the awesome nature which we only see by photos.

Writing Feedback / Selfishness and politics research paper and outline [13]

greetings
i will be so pleased if you help me about my research paper.
i have written an outline,which is really bad since i didn't pay attention.
here it is;

Introduction:
-Selfishness and politics,
-Politics is the way of management of a country, so politics affects people in thousands of way. To have a political power some people or parties use selfish ways some of them use altruistic way. This paper is going to be written to explain which way is better for sake of county and which way is more successful.

-There is a disagreement about this issue because, there are many examples in history that selfish politicians found many supporters in some cases; however, sometimes altruistic way to manage country gives more democratic atmosphere and this is what people want.

-(Thesis) Although it is thought to be selfish for some extraordinary cases such as war or economical crises, altruistic political view usually creates more democratic, equal country and happier citizens.

Body
I. For the sake of country political power may be used selfishly even this causes undemocratic regime.
1. a. Since politics was created for a country's welfare, selfish policies which give advantage to a country may be applied in some cases. (Mein Kampf/Hitler)

b. Although Jews were citizens of Germany as Germans, Hitler was supported by all Germans to clean the country from Jews due to the fact that Jews were trouble for Germany.

c. The holocaust was done, many innocent people suffered, Germans were seen as fascist and racist people and many people have hated Hitler until now, Germans suffered because they did not have an army for a period of time.

d. Since democracy was accepted as a management regime of nearly all of the countries, any undemocratic and unequal application can be accepted. Misuse of politics for a person's or a group's welfare is against human rights.

II. Misuse of political power for a group's own good causes hatred against this group, creates inequality and trouble in society.(Menderes Döneminde.../Ümit Özdağ)

1. a. If political power in a country which is taken by elections is used in a selfish way, this divides society into at least two groups and these groups querrel really in a bad way and this raises disturbance.

b. Democrat party misused its political power and applied pressure even on universities, managed badly the places where Republicians had took more votes then Democrats and created inequality.

c. Adnan Menderes was executed because of wrong policy and some different reasons. Many people's rights were not cared. There was a coup, which sent Turkey to years ago. Military regime is not a normal regime because policy is not soldier's business, however, the laws give the permision to army related to the conditions of this country. It is also a proof that this coup was needed and selfish policy brought Turkey in a wrong way.

2.a. Misuse of political power in world politics in a selfish way also causes hatred against the powerful country. If there is advantage of a country on another country and if this advantage creates disadvantage for weak country this means colonialism which is legally forbidden. If the reason of a military action is not seen in just war doctrines, this is an illegal action and also against human rights. (Just War Doctrine and the Invasion of Iraq by remark. Christopher M)

b. USA military action on Iraq has been discussing for years. Although it is seen a legal action by some parts of society, the fact is so obvious that there is a selfish behavior of USA on Iraq.

c. Iraqi people suffered a lot, they started to live in fear because the balance of country collapsed because of American action. Many people earned a lot of money on this war in some sectors such as; construction of buildings, petroleum exportation. However these people who earn money was with America, therefore this selfish action made some people rich some people poor. This is also inequality and this is against human rights.

Conclusion
-Misuse of political power creates many bad effects on a big part of society and selfish political actions unbalance the country or world politics.
-Although it is needed to behave selfishly in some extraordinary cases, the human rights and welfare of society must be cared.
-To care a part of society or to apply pressure on a part of society creates inequality and this is against democratic view.
-The aim of world wide political action must be well discussed and any action to damage a poor country for a strong country's welfare can not be done.

- As it is said, the affluence and stability of society is so important for a country's political power. The first thing the government should do is to keep this balance and try to make all people happy. If any government acts in an altruistic way, democracy is applied in the best way.

- As we all see the bad results of selfish governments, and there are many good examples of altruistic governments; therefore it is better to manage the country in altruistic way.

as you see main arguments of my paper are "misuse of political power based on selfishness" and "negative effects on society".

instructor wanted me to rewrite my thesis again.
also my instrutor realized that there is a repeatation before conclusion. indeed i would try to give the same message from turkey and other countries but she said that i should bring them together and make 1 stronger argument. she suggested me find another topic as pro argument..do you have any idea?

thanks for your help