Essays /
Help with an Argument/research essay about "Animals in research" [9]
Hello,
I am so sorry about my work. Acually i got most of the information from home work help at the Schaumburg Public library in Il. I sware I didn't know it was palgiarized. I really apolozise. I didn't mean to do that.
Here I rewrite again. My citaion is from books and magazines and one webpage(I give the link). Could you please give your opinion. Tomorrow is the due of my paper. Again sorry about my work.
Thanks
Newworld.
Animals should only be used for research when absolutely necessary.
Since the last century, Animal testing is going on. Animal testing is a test done by the researchers in the laboratories with animals. Some people believe that it is a cruel and inhumane practice. While others believe animal research is needed to advance, especially in the medical field, also important in improving human health. Deaths through research are absolutely unnecessary and are morally no different from Murder. When locked up they suffer tremendous stress. Can we know they don't feel pain? However, Animal testing has helped to develop vaccines against diseases like rabies, polio, measles, mumps, rubella and TB. Operations on animals helped to develop organ transplant and open-heart surgery techniques. So in our new technological society, I believe that animals should only be used for research when absolutely necessary.
Because animals are like humans. There is no doubt they experience a life. Like us, animals can feel pain and fear, but also excitement and satisfaction. Certainly animals have don't abilities as humans like talking, driving cars, writing books. But regardless of intelligence , their life still has value to them. Exactly same is true of animals. Animals are having stress, when they are used for research including artificial marking and tagging procedures for biomedical and wildlife experimentation. The US department of the Agriculture livestock behavior research unit's Dr. Heng-Wei Cheng and graduate researchers Rachel L. Dennis and Alan G. Fahey reports, the potential side effect of four popular identification systems used in poultry research. The birds behavioral and physiological changes are associated with leg and, wing band, and neck band. From this research, because of the leg and wing band, birds are having more stress and they also having a slower growth during the research period(AWI Quarterly 21).
Of course animal research is vital to medicine. The American Physiological Society(APS), national non profit organization for scientific research, said animal research has led to some of the most important medical discoveries in history. Though experiments using animals have played a crucial role in the development of medical research, It continues to help humans, as well as animals, live longer and healthier lives. Discoveries made through animal experimentation are heart diseases, diabetes,obesity,TB,some cancers, arthritis like treatments and some vaccines like rabies, tetanus, pneumonias, hepatitides and polio are wiped out.. Also they said animals are the better choice than humans, because some animals are biologically similar to humans,and humans share more than two hundred fifty diseases with animals. In addition animals shorter life cycle make it easier to study for scientists. They can control the animals through variables such as diet ,age,weight, and physical activities. They also change the animal's gene to study the genetic disease (Haugen 138-140).
For many centuries scientists and testers in research have used animals of all kinds. Most of the animals are small ones like rodents - rats, mice, and hamsters. Some dogs, cats and a variety of goats, monkeys and rabbits have also been used. In worldwide 58.3 million animals used in 2005. Animals used for research in United sates in 2004 were 1,101,958 (Haugen 122). That amount of animals sacrificed each year is horrible especially when a lot of the test turn out to be inaccurate.
According to the New Zealand animal report for 2005 statics, total number of animals used was 263,214 - a 6.9% increased from 2004. In New Zealand only 14.7% animals experienced moderate to severe suffering. It is a stress report about animals in lab.(New Zealand national animal ethics committee advisory). Also In laboratories, mice and rats are commonly used. That are not required by law to provide this kind of animals with pain medication or veterinary care. So they are infected with disease, cut open, poisoned and killed because of no pain relief. In a recent study published in the journal Alternatives to Laboratory Animals (ATLA), researchers studied more than 100 cases in UK and US, rat and mice were used in "surgical or other potentially painful procedures" also found that post operative pain medication was given only 20% of the time (PETA's animal times 20)
Some people said, animal suffering should be tolerated only when both research quality and certainty of benefit are high. The contribution of animals to human health is lot such as animals have been burnt, electrocuted, tortured with drugs, poisoned with toxic chemicals, and tormented in psychological testing. But, certain level of animal suffering is unacceptable regardless of the quality of research and benefit. So animal experimentation should be regulated sufficiently. Animal Welfare Act is organization stated at 1966, through this animals receive adequate protection. It (AWA) sets forth a minimum standard of care for animals used in research. These standards relates to specifics such as sanitation, housing, ventilation, transportation and the provision of adequate veterinary care, also it specifies that pain and distress must be minimized in experimental procedure(Cothran 100).
Also we have to use the alternatives to reduce animal experimentation like "Three R's alternatives" to promote a more humane use of animal in research. "The Three R's are: refinement of procedures to minimize or eliminate animal pain; reduction in the number of animals used; and replacement, where possible ,of animal use with non-animal alternatives"(Cothran 136).
If necessary we can limit the use of animals in research before do the alternatives methods. In biologist, according to zoology professor, Edmunds, point of view on limiting experimentation, he believes that some research work should continues because of the medical and other reasons. But he also believes that "some medical and biological scientist not seriously following the Three Rs. They have particular type of argument for several years they see no reason to alter or abandon a 'proven' procedure. Statement such as 'there is no alternative to using animal for this type of work' are easy to make and difficult to either challenge or sustain with sound evidence. Too many physiologists and other researchers are simply not prepared to step back and themselves if they really should be doing so many experiments using live animals"(Haugen 130).
First alternative method is called "In Vitro" method means "in glass". The name probably comes in glass test tubes in labs. Animal tests are sometimes called "in vivo" or "in life". In this test non animals cell cultures are used. This can be used for some cancer and heart drugs. "Researchers have created artificial organ from human cells and other ingredients. TESTLUNG is an artificial lung. This organ are used in wound and drug research. Animals cell are also worked in Vitro work. Instead of hundred of animals for one experiment, a single pig liver might supply a hundred experiment".(Woods 25).
Second alternative method is using computers instead of animals. In this method we can analyze how chemical or drug harms the body through computers. For example , A substance in human body called P450. If the new drug interacts the into the human substance, it is safe otherwise it will dangerous. Here we can use the computer to check the structure of the drug to see weather it is safe or not. In another type of test, the chemical is dropped into a machine called pH meter. This machine tells weather the chemical is a neutral, acid or base. If they are a chemical and base, they are rejected without further testing. Because acid and base are always irritated the human skin and eyes (Woods 26)
Third one is called epidemiology-medical surveys. In this method, we have to take some information like eating, exercise on other habits from large groups of people. By analyzing data, scientists trying to determine what behaviors put people at risk. For example, doctors understand causes of heart disease through the decades of medical survey. "Recently they have analyzed many cases of sudden infant death syndrome(SIDS). With this a healthy infant suddenly dies for an unexplained reason. Researchers have found that certain sleeping positions and overheated rooms may increase the risk of SIDS"(woods 26).
Animals contribute their life for humans. Why don't we use human experiments for healthy human life. Doctors have to use people who are ill to learn about the causes of diseases such as people who suffered a brain damage from a stroke, or a tumor. The last alternative method of animal experimentation is using vitro practice for education in medical schools. Here instead of working with animals, we can use computers or special life size dolls or human corpses(Woods 27-28).
We have to give up the unnecessary animal research or find the alternative if some research failed again and again. We can avoid unnecessary repetition of experiments by adhering o the through search of the technical literature, peer review prior to experimentation and the rapid publication of scientific journals. By researching one topic thoroughly, it may found that a particular experiment has already conducted elsewhere. Peer review will aid minimum number of animal used in each procedure when inexperienced researchers designing their experiments(Monamy 81)
Works CitedCothran, Helen, ed. Animal Experimentation Opposing View points. California: Green haven Press, 2002.
Dennis, Rachel, and Fahey, Alan. "Marked for Success?" AWI Quarterly 56. 26 Nov. 2007: 21
Haugen, David M., ed. Animal experimentation Opposing View Points. MI: Green haven Press, 2007.
Monamy, Vaughan. Animal Experimentation A Guide to the Issues UK: Cambridge University Press,2000.
"New Zealand Animal Use Statics for 2005" The Human Society of the United States on the Web Volume6, Issue5, Dec 2006.
"PETA to Experimenters: Rats Deserve Rights!" PETA's Animal Times 25 July.2008: 20.
Woods, Geraldine. Animal Experimentation and Testing: A Pro/Con Issue. NewJersy: Enslow Publishers, Inc,1999.