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Social Environment versus Instincts to shape human bahavior [5]
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Humans are one of the most complicated species in the world. Although the anatomical structure of human is fixed, psychological states of humans are separated into thousands of groups. Human psychology is so complicated that to understand it scientific research has been conducted in many university departments, such as psychology and philosophy. Human nature and human behavior are one of the main topics to analyze related to sociology, psychology and philosophy. Research on the effects of instincts and social conditions is conducted to understand what shapes human behavior. Analyses about instincts and social environment concludes that social environment plays a more important role and effectively restricts human behaviors due to the cultural and psychological life of mankind.
The first issue in analyzing whether social environment has an effect is to compare different reactions of people under similar conditions. If the behaviors of humans are the same under similar conditions, then it can be concluded that instincts determine what to do. Otherwise, if the behaviors are different then something else must be more effective on human behavior. If the reason is not instincts, social environment is the key word to understanding the cause. Two incidents in New York city are needed to be well analyzed. Initially, in June 1973 New York citizens rescued their fellows from damage. They thought in an altruistic way and helped unselfishly the people who are at risk of crime. Then, an other example some years ago in Kew Garden, New York, had a very different result. Although a citizen, Kitty Genovese, was in danger and screamed for help, citizens did not answer her cry. Logically, they must have helped her, but citizens of Kew Garden did not think as many people do.(Hornstain 3) This difference between behaviors points out that different people do not act the same. If human behavior was shaped by instincts, there would be no different behavior between two people. As it is known mother instinct does not change from a mother to another. The difference between human behavior in New York is because of different growing up styles or different perspectives to the same occasion. If these reasons are generalized, social environment is seen as the main factor to shape human nature.
Different people were analyzed under similar conditions and it was concluded that their features which are shaped by social environment acts an important role on their behaviors. What if the social conditions of a man change? Instincts of a man cannot change over time, it is against biology. If features of humans change in varied circumstances, that is the result of environment. People can act in many various ways; this is capacity of mankind. Under some circumstances one side of human nature occurs: when provisions changes, the acts change, too. This proves how people change sociologically. A research which is conducted by Philip Zimbardo points out that psychology and behaviors of a person are alterable, even if that person is well educated and self-aware. As a supporting example to Hornstain who claims "nobody is aggressive or altruistic all the time"(Hornstain 3), university students who were sent to prison as guards and prisoners for an experiment changed their behaviors unconsciously. The students who were charged to be guards became evil and the students who were chosen to be prisoners became wild, even though they knew that this experiment would finish and they would be paid. They could not adopt, had physiological troubles and became evil in a short period. None of them behaved as university students.(Zimbardo 1) To put it in a nut shell, since instincts cannot be changed in a short period, differences in human behavior under different conditions can only be expressed by effects of the social environment.
In addition, effect of culture, which is one of the main parts of social environment, on human behaviors is proof which shows social conditions shape personality. Citizens of different parts of a country have many different features and attitudes. As anthropologists conclude that "man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture write its text."(Fromm 1). Religious beliefs, customs, values and thoughts shape human behavior. That is the reason why the people in other countries are so different. For instance, in Turkey, the Aegean and South East parts seem as different countries; they look like they do not live in the same century. Culture of a person which has an influence on human life separates a person from others and causes social variety.
On the other hand; some people claim that there are many common values such as aggression and mother instinct, and these common values are the factors which shape human nature by genes. Aggression played an important role in the whole history of humanity. As a Nobel prize winner Konrad Lorenz claims, "aggression is a basic instinct in both subhuman species and mankind because it has survival value."(Hornstein 4) and instincts shape the main values of humans. On the other hand; "Man is an animal, but without having sufficient instincts to direct his actions. He not only has intelligence, but also self-awareness"(Fromm,3) summarizes why instincts do not play a main role in human life. Also it is needed to be underlined that environment always requires aggression. Aggression is not related to instincts, because mankind understand that aggression is needed to survive by his intelligence. In addition to this, aggression is directly related to environment. In the antique epochs aggression was based on physical power and protecting life, yet now aggression is based on financial topics, educational success or business passion. This exchange shows aggression is not an instinct and shows disparity related to time and conditions. As a chain, this disparity is the proof of the main affect of social environment on human behavior.
To sum up, instincts determine the capacity of humans and what people can do, but social environment dictates people what to do, how to behave and how to act. Psychology, sociology and philosophy are all sciences which study human behavior and these compare different behaviors in different conditions. Various reactions on similar topics point out that all people have different perspectives. Social environment creates this difference. Moreover, serious changing in a personality of a man is only expressed by different social conditions. Finally, humankind combines his logic, culture and psychology and reflects the result as behavior. In the future, by the development of genetics, it may be understood that genes and instincts do not have an important role on human behavior.
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