Hello! Thanks in advance for any peer review done on my paper. I am needing feedback to complete a lesson in my English course.
Introduction
According to the report of the World Bank, almost all the countries and nations around the globe are increasingly and progressively adopting and employing pro- poor systems of health reforms with the intention of making sure of UHC (Universal Health Coverage). This is because UHC is one of the significant element of making sure of inclusive and sustainable economic progression and growth. UHC (Universal Health Coverage) refers that all individuals and people can easily have access to the essential qualities of health services, without having to undergo or suffer from any hardship (financial) to pay for their health related facilities and healthcare. As per the study of Seervai, Shah, and Osborn (2017), ACA (Affordable Care Act) had established their first route to universal coverage in 2010, in the United States of America. Hence, as a result, millions of individuals and people have attained coverage due to this initiative.
Pearson et al. (2016) deliberates on their report that, Japan is making serious efforts in promoting universal health coverage all around the globe. This is because, Japan aims to improve the results and outcomes of health through making access to health services (high- quality) equitably distributed and more affordable. Moreover, approximately all the countries of OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) have reached UHC. Hence, their experience, knowledge and practice needs to be a primary source of information and evidences, as why universal health coverage is necessary, when it is significant to be familiarized with, and how it can be accomplished. Additionally, according to the World Bank (2018), it is also one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) i.e. SDG 3.8: "achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection". Moreover, the article further illustrates that, this goal (i.e. Sustainable Development Goals 3) lies at the center of other targets of health, this goals (itself) is intertwined (closely) with the remaining SDGs (i.e. 16 Sustainable Development Goals). Hence, the current thesis on the importance of universal health (UHC) coverage in the United States of America and modern world.
Body
This part of the thesis puts attention on the overview of formerly published articles, journals, and researches on a particular topic or area. Hence, this part portrays the progress of countries towards achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Moreover, it also depicts current condition and progress of United States of America towards achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC), along with condition of UHC in USA during COVID- 19 Pandemic.
Progress towards Achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
Regardless of the restrictions of the WHO (World Health Organization) and World Bank documentation, analysis of its results reveals several concrete examples of inclusion. The values of UHC indicators across countries are clearly related to the regular logarithm of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita in the figure below. Although this result is consistent with models signifying that spending on social assistance and health care increases with levels of income, it is mostly possible that incomes of higher country are due to the outcome of better health, healthcare coverage and facilities. Differences in UHC coverage by earnings are much more pronounced when country groups are considered: the average coverage of service in low-wage countries tends to match half of the coverage in high-wage countries. South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa have the lowest levels, while the Caribbean, Latin America, the Pacific, and East Asia, comprises of approximately same levels as compared to Europe, North America and Central Asia.
Figure 1Natural Algorithm of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per Capita (United States, $, 2016)
Source: (Bloom, 2018)
Also noteworthy are the cases of countries with very different comparisons of wages. For example, Nigeria and Vietnam have GDP per capita of about $2,200, but Vietnam's UHC scores are approximately 34 points greater, as compared to Nigeria's. This indicates that Vietnam overtakes Nigeria in some areas such as, birth attendants by skilled professionals, and households with access to basic sanitation etc. On the other hand, Poverty limits the access to social services, especially in low-income countries (LICs). Moreover, the inclusion of less comprehensive social and health services promotes poverty because it does not protect people from diseases that result in high medical costs, thus limiting their ability to work and attain education.
Current Condition and progress of United States of America towards Achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
Even among nations with the most extreme score of 80, there are significant differences in health results, health and social spending, and the number of people protected from catastrophic social and health spending. As a result, an analysis (discussed ahead) of data on universal health care in two major high-income countries, the United States and Japan, shows these differences. The United States is the primarily the only high-income country that does not explicitly offer universal health care to its residents, even though total health care spending was 15 percent of GDP in 2008 and 17 percent of GDP in the year 2017, which is significantly more than any other Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) country. Unlike America, Japan covered and provided its entire population with health insurance in 1961. These changes resulted with tremendous improvements in the welfare of the Japanese, who in 1983 had the most promising future of any nation (and are now 84 years old). Resultantly, the Japanese welfare system has been praised for its role in promoting world-leading levels of welfare and for keeping medical and health costs generally low, throughout the history.
Moreover, such countries who did not have implemented UHC within their boundaries can learn from OECD countries that why universal health coverage is necessary, when it is significant to be familiarized with, and how it can be accomplished. In addition, US can also learn from the OECD on how it can improve its UHC, and find issues and problems where it is lacking.
Condition of UHC in USA during COVID- 19 Pandemic
The global pandemic of COVID- 19 (coronavirus) has created disruption in the whole world, along with the life style of human beings, businesses, industries, factories, health, education etc. It has caused the whole world to shut down, enforcing governments to take strict actions against the spreading of COVID- 19, such as imposing lockdowns and restrictions to human activities and businesses. According to the study of United Nation Organization (2022), this severe pandemic has reversed and halted the progression in the provision of health facilities, in addition, it has also shortened life expectancy. Moreover, COVID- 19 has also disrupted the important health services and facilities in the United States of America that are delivered to the citizens of the country. On the other hand, this report also portrays that, it is not only the United States of America that is being affected by such health related disruptions. However, almost 90% of all the countries in the world are facing such issues.
Furthermore, the report of United Nation regarding Sustainable Development Goals also depicts that, this COVID-19 crisis has also impacted the maternal health, reproductive health, and child health, which could be further reversed or stalled due to this pandemic. On the contrary, the report of () illustrates that, United State of America has put attention on increasing its nurses and midwives in almost every state, such as 150 nurses and midwives per 10.000 individuals to ensure that their health are being covered by the country.
Approaches for Universal Healthcare Coverage Adopted in Different Countries
According to the study of Chris (2019), there are a number of various approaches relating to the universal health coverage that are being adopted (internationally) within different countries, depending on the country's context. Some popular approaches that are being adopted all over the world are namely, single payer system, insurance mandates, and hybrid system. Insurance mandates is defined as, govt. mandates all people to purchase insurance (health) from public or private insurance companies, such as Japan, Germany etc. Whereas, hybrid system links facets of single payer system with private insurance mandates, such as, UK, Australia etc. While, in single payer, the government delivers coverage that can be financed through taxes such as Canada, Taiwan etc. Hence, it can be analyzed that, this research report has clearly portrayed different approaches that have been adopted by different countries, and how they are progressively improving their healthcare delivery and economic stability. Hence, US can conduct surveys and researches, with the intention to understand the condition and context of the country, to implement approach that can benefit its people and stimulate the country's growth. This is because government and policy makers have all the data and information regarding its people, along with its health institutions and health care center. However, only through the officials of US government and policy makers, the system and policies can be altered and improved in implementing the UHC, thus, improving the health of people (especially poor people).
Impact of UHC in Various Indicators of Development
According to the study of Bloom et al. there are various health advantages of UHC that also results in economic, social, and health results of people. Such as, it helps in family planning, resulting in decreased maternal mortality. In addition to, improving growth (economic) linked with reduced fertility. Moreover, it also assists in pre-birth and delivery care, resulting in reduced maternal and infant mortality. Additionally, it also delivers basic access to hospital and healthcare centers, resulting in lower mortality from emergencies (life- threating). Not to mention, providing UHC can also improve the access to important medicines, resulting in the reduction in the percentage of individuals that are experiencing disastrous costs of health care. However, on the other hand, Krugman argued that, there are also some disadvantages that are linked to UHC. Such as, countries consisting of UHC are seen to have long waiting lines of patients, and sometimes such patients have to wait for weeks, and even months. Moreover, government put attention on delivering lifesaving and important healthcare, and may ignore to focus on electives procedures or rare diseases. In addition, universal health coverage is expensive and cost a lot of money, hence, governments that are struggling with its budgets may find it difficult to allocate money for UHC.
Conclusion
To conclude, UHC is significant in the US, as well as, in the modern world as it provides assistance in improving the health of people which are poor or those that belong to extreme poverty. Hence, as a result, people of US can also improve their living standards, thereby, advancing their lifestyle, that can further assist in stimulating the growth and development of economy of the country. However, it is also important to mention that US policy makers and government can makes changes in their policies and system through conducting surveys and researches to identify which kind of approach is most suitable in the country's context. In this way, the health of US citizens can improve through UHC. Moreover, US can also learn from different countries such as Japan, and other OECD countries, on how they have adopted and implemented UHC in their countries.
References
UHC Coverage value
Introduction
According to the report of the World Bank, almost all the countries and nations around the globe are increasingly and progressively adopting and employing pro- poor systems of health reforms with the intention of making sure of UHC (Universal Health Coverage). This is because UHC is one of the significant element of making sure of inclusive and sustainable economic progression and growth. UHC (Universal Health Coverage) refers that all individuals and people can easily have access to the essential qualities of health services, without having to undergo or suffer from any hardship (financial) to pay for their health related facilities and healthcare. As per the study of Seervai, Shah, and Osborn (2017), ACA (Affordable Care Act) had established their first route to universal coverage in 2010, in the United States of America. Hence, as a result, millions of individuals and people have attained coverage due to this initiative.
Pearson et al. (2016) deliberates on their report that, Japan is making serious efforts in promoting universal health coverage all around the globe. This is because, Japan aims to improve the results and outcomes of health through making access to health services (high- quality) equitably distributed and more affordable. Moreover, approximately all the countries of OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) have reached UHC. Hence, their experience, knowledge and practice needs to be a primary source of information and evidences, as why universal health coverage is necessary, when it is significant to be familiarized with, and how it can be accomplished. Additionally, according to the World Bank (2018), it is also one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) i.e. SDG 3.8: "achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection". Moreover, the article further illustrates that, this goal (i.e. Sustainable Development Goals 3) lies at the center of other targets of health, this goals (itself) is intertwined (closely) with the remaining SDGs (i.e. 16 Sustainable Development Goals). Hence, the current thesis on the importance of universal health (UHC) coverage in the United States of America and modern world.
Body
This part of the thesis puts attention on the overview of formerly published articles, journals, and researches on a particular topic or area. Hence, this part portrays the progress of countries towards achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Moreover, it also depicts current condition and progress of United States of America towards achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC), along with condition of UHC in USA during COVID- 19 Pandemic.
Progress towards Achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
Regardless of the restrictions of the WHO (World Health Organization) and World Bank documentation, analysis of its results reveals several concrete examples of inclusion. The values of UHC indicators across countries are clearly related to the regular logarithm of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita in the figure below. Although this result is consistent with models signifying that spending on social assistance and health care increases with levels of income, it is mostly possible that incomes of higher country are due to the outcome of better health, healthcare coverage and facilities. Differences in UHC coverage by earnings are much more pronounced when country groups are considered: the average coverage of service in low-wage countries tends to match half of the coverage in high-wage countries. South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa have the lowest levels, while the Caribbean, Latin America, the Pacific, and East Asia, comprises of approximately same levels as compared to Europe, North America and Central Asia.
Figure 1Natural Algorithm of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per Capita (United States, $, 2016)
Source: (Bloom, 2018)
Also noteworthy are the cases of countries with very different comparisons of wages. For example, Nigeria and Vietnam have GDP per capita of about $2,200, but Vietnam's UHC scores are approximately 34 points greater, as compared to Nigeria's. This indicates that Vietnam overtakes Nigeria in some areas such as, birth attendants by skilled professionals, and households with access to basic sanitation etc. On the other hand, Poverty limits the access to social services, especially in low-income countries (LICs). Moreover, the inclusion of less comprehensive social and health services promotes poverty because it does not protect people from diseases that result in high medical costs, thus limiting their ability to work and attain education.
Current Condition and progress of United States of America towards Achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
Even among nations with the most extreme score of 80, there are significant differences in health results, health and social spending, and the number of people protected from catastrophic social and health spending. As a result, an analysis (discussed ahead) of data on universal health care in two major high-income countries, the United States and Japan, shows these differences. The United States is the primarily the only high-income country that does not explicitly offer universal health care to its residents, even though total health care spending was 15 percent of GDP in 2008 and 17 percent of GDP in the year 2017, which is significantly more than any other Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) country. Unlike America, Japan covered and provided its entire population with health insurance in 1961. These changes resulted with tremendous improvements in the welfare of the Japanese, who in 1983 had the most promising future of any nation (and are now 84 years old). Resultantly, the Japanese welfare system has been praised for its role in promoting world-leading levels of welfare and for keeping medical and health costs generally low, throughout the history.
Moreover, such countries who did not have implemented UHC within their boundaries can learn from OECD countries that why universal health coverage is necessary, when it is significant to be familiarized with, and how it can be accomplished. In addition, US can also learn from the OECD on how it can improve its UHC, and find issues and problems where it is lacking.
Condition of UHC in USA during COVID- 19 Pandemic
The global pandemic of COVID- 19 (coronavirus) has created disruption in the whole world, along with the life style of human beings, businesses, industries, factories, health, education etc. It has caused the whole world to shut down, enforcing governments to take strict actions against the spreading of COVID- 19, such as imposing lockdowns and restrictions to human activities and businesses. According to the study of United Nation Organization (2022), this severe pandemic has reversed and halted the progression in the provision of health facilities, in addition, it has also shortened life expectancy. Moreover, COVID- 19 has also disrupted the important health services and facilities in the United States of America that are delivered to the citizens of the country. On the other hand, this report also portrays that, it is not only the United States of America that is being affected by such health related disruptions. However, almost 90% of all the countries in the world are facing such issues.
Furthermore, the report of United Nation regarding Sustainable Development Goals also depicts that, this COVID-19 crisis has also impacted the maternal health, reproductive health, and child health, which could be further reversed or stalled due to this pandemic. On the contrary, the report of () illustrates that, United State of America has put attention on increasing its nurses and midwives in almost every state, such as 150 nurses and midwives per 10.000 individuals to ensure that their health are being covered by the country.
Approaches for Universal Healthcare Coverage Adopted in Different Countries
According to the study of Chris (2019), there are a number of various approaches relating to the universal health coverage that are being adopted (internationally) within different countries, depending on the country's context. Some popular approaches that are being adopted all over the world are namely, single payer system, insurance mandates, and hybrid system. Insurance mandates is defined as, govt. mandates all people to purchase insurance (health) from public or private insurance companies, such as Japan, Germany etc. Whereas, hybrid system links facets of single payer system with private insurance mandates, such as, UK, Australia etc. While, in single payer, the government delivers coverage that can be financed through taxes such as Canada, Taiwan etc. Hence, it can be analyzed that, this research report has clearly portrayed different approaches that have been adopted by different countries, and how they are progressively improving their healthcare delivery and economic stability. Hence, US can conduct surveys and researches, with the intention to understand the condition and context of the country, to implement approach that can benefit its people and stimulate the country's growth. This is because government and policy makers have all the data and information regarding its people, along with its health institutions and health care center. However, only through the officials of US government and policy makers, the system and policies can be altered and improved in implementing the UHC, thus, improving the health of people (especially poor people).
Impact of UHC in Various Indicators of Development
According to the study of Bloom et al. there are various health advantages of UHC that also results in economic, social, and health results of people. Such as, it helps in family planning, resulting in decreased maternal mortality. In addition to, improving growth (economic) linked with reduced fertility. Moreover, it also assists in pre-birth and delivery care, resulting in reduced maternal and infant mortality. Additionally, it also delivers basic access to hospital and healthcare centers, resulting in lower mortality from emergencies (life- threating). Not to mention, providing UHC can also improve the access to important medicines, resulting in the reduction in the percentage of individuals that are experiencing disastrous costs of health care. However, on the other hand, Krugman argued that, there are also some disadvantages that are linked to UHC. Such as, countries consisting of UHC are seen to have long waiting lines of patients, and sometimes such patients have to wait for weeks, and even months. Moreover, government put attention on delivering lifesaving and important healthcare, and may ignore to focus on electives procedures or rare diseases. In addition, universal health coverage is expensive and cost a lot of money, hence, governments that are struggling with its budgets may find it difficult to allocate money for UHC.
Conclusion
To conclude, UHC is significant in the US, as well as, in the modern world as it provides assistance in improving the health of people which are poor or those that belong to extreme poverty. Hence, as a result, people of US can also improve their living standards, thereby, advancing their lifestyle, that can further assist in stimulating the growth and development of economy of the country. However, it is also important to mention that US policy makers and government can makes changes in their policies and system through conducting surveys and researches to identify which kind of approach is most suitable in the country's context. In this way, the health of US citizens can improve through UHC. Moreover, US can also learn from different countries such as Japan, and other OECD countries, on how they have adopted and implemented UHC in their countries.
References