Writing Feedback / Article Summary : Bees of the sea : Tiny crustaceans pollinate underwater plants [2]

Seagrass swirling around the current and flow can be a ride for tiny species on the sea, provide food and habitat for microscopic species such as crustaceans to manatees, and contribute in stabilising the coast through it roots. According to scientist from National Autonomous University of Mexico, Brigitta van Tussenbroek, she and her colleagues were surprised when they found hundreds of invertebrates, chiefly small crustaceans, act like pollinators visiting flowers of a turtle-grass bed and carrying pollen. To explore this further, the researchers create an aquarium including crustacean, male and female turtle-grass flowers, and seawater. After several minutes, they found that extra grains appeared on female blooms on aquarium with invertebrates. This pollinators has a gooey and tasty body, and scientist believed that some pollen sticks to their bodies while they eat. So far, the discovery of sea bees which have only been seen visiting turtle grass can describe interesting plant-animal interaction that has not completely described, said researcher from Louisiana, Kelly Darnell.

newscientist

Writing Feedback / Article Summary : Longer 'Penis' drives evolution of bigger brains in female fish [2]

For male mosquitofish, bigger genitals mean more mating success, and surprisingly the development of male organs lead females to evolve their brain size, become larger, to escape from overeager mates. The mating system between males and females mosquitofish started when the males sneak up and attempt to copulate by force using a modified anal fin, called the gonopodium, in order to send sperm into females. Severine Buechel and colleagues conducted a research to test the notion that females develop bigger brains to defend against males, and males response it by evolve their brains too. The study found that there was no evidence that male brains got bigger at the same time as females. The mating system which is far from romantic among mosquitofish triggers many risks for females, and having a lager brain might help them to spot and get away from males. According to Buechel, brain development might be gone in different way, and it depends on adopted mating strategy.

newscientist

Writing Feedback / Listening Summary : Chaos Theory - the alteration of dynamic variables [2]

Chaos theory is a branch of physics and mathematics that focus on the alteration of dynamic variables. Initially, chaos theory was evolved when the scientist observed the movement of the planet and changes in environment. However, this theory can also be applied in economy field. For some economist, this theory can be used to forecasting and making a prediction of financial evidence. In 1990, the number of economist increased in the research involving chaos theory to seek out the model of forecasting. The basic ideas in making the model was by involving the pattern of change and development, and taking into account all viable variables. These notions made forecasting become over-challenging. The chaos theory, actually, change the linear system which is believed in the past, become non-linear system with involving the variables alterations. All we can learn from chaos theory is that it simply teaches about accepting uncertainty.

source : IELTS Cambridge